History and Generation of Computer


History

A computer is derived from the Latin word “computare” which means “to calculate”. The word ‘computer’ has a very interesting origin. Over the past few decays, computers have changed from room-size to desktops to laptops to our pockets. Computer word was first used in the 16th century for a person who used to do calculations. Women were hired human computers to carry out all forms of calculations and computations. By the late 19th century, the computer was also used to describe machines that run on electricity and did all calculations and computation. 

Primitive people used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools. As the human mind and technology improved with time more computing devices were developed. One of the earliest and well-known devices used for calculations for thousands of years was an abacus.

Analytical Engine is the first mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards. Charles Babbage is the "Father" of the computer. 

Generation of Computer


Computer generations are based on when major technological (Hardware and Software)changes in computers occurred, like the use of vacuum tubes, transistors, and the microprocessor.

There are five computer generations. In the following table, approximate dates, Hardware, and software technology used against each generation have been mentioned, along with who invented that technology


Generation

Hardware Technology

Software Technology

System

Invented By

1st (1942-1955)

Vacuum Tubes

Magnetic drum memory

Punched Card

Machine language

ENIAC

ENDVAC

EDSAC

UNIVAC 1

IBM 701

J.P.Eckert 

J.W.Mauchy 

2nd (1955-1964)

Transistors

Magnetic core memory

Magnetic tape and Magnetic Disk

Assembly language

High level Language

(COBOL, FORTRAN)

Batch Processing OS

Honeywell 400

IBM 7030

CDC 1604

Transistors Invented by

John Barden

William Brattain William Shockley

3rd (1964-1975)

ICs with SSI and MSI technology

Large capacity disk and magnetic tape for secondary storage 

Remote processing

Time sharing and Multiprogramming operating System

PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68

IBM 360/370

PDP-8

PDP-11

CDC-6600

Integrated circuits invented by


Robert Noyce

Jack Kilby

4th (1975-1989)

ICs with VLSI technology

Microprocessor

high-speed computer network


OS for PCs, GUI, Multiple windows on single terminal

Network based application

Distributed OS

C,C++, DBASE

IBM PC

APPLE II

VAX9000

CRAY-1


Microprocessor  Invented by


Ted Hoff

5th (1989-Present)

ICs with ULSI technology

Large capacity of main memory

Large capacity of harddisk

Portable storage media

WWW

Multimedia applications

Network-based application

Artificial Intelligence

JAVA,.NET


Desktop

Laptops

Notebooks




What is Computer




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